Health Care Policy - 1658 Words

Medicare Policy Process Brandy Marsh HCS 455 December 12, 2011 John (Jay) Cutspec Medicare Policy Process The health care, policy-making process is composed of three major stages; the formulation stage, legislative stage, and the implementation stage. The policy process refers to the specific decisions and events that are required for a policy to be proposed, considered, and finally either implemented and/or set aside. It is an interactive process with multiple points of access providing opportunities to influence the multiple decision makers involved at each stage (Abood, 2007). Each stage presents a unique set of events for a policy to be proposed, considered, and either implemented or rejected. In the formulation stage there is†¦show more content†¦In 1962 President Kennedy proposed a new version of Medicare, and again it failed in Congress. In 1964 the Medicare Program was passed by the senate, but was then blocked in conference by the House (DeWitt, 2003). It was not until twenty years later, in 1965, that President Johnson finally signed Medicare into law as an amendment to the Social Security Legislation. It was composed of two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A provides coverage for hospital insurance, and Part B provides coverage for medical insurance. In 1972 disabled persons under age 65 and those with end-stage renal disease become eligible for coverage. In 1997 Part C was added, which gave Medicare enrollees the option to choose a private provider for their medical coverage. Then in 2006 Part D was added. Anyone who is enrolled in Medicare Part A and B is automatically enrolled in the Part D prescription Drug program, which provided reduced-cost prescriptions. Because of the need for adequate health care for the elderly and disabled individuals, Medicare was formulated. After Medicare was formulated and signed into law, it then entered the implementation stage of the policy making process. In the implementation stage the policy is put into effect, and begins after the policy is signed into law. In this phase, the proposed policy is transformed into a plan of action (International Council of Nurses, 2005). The policy then needs to be administered, funded,Show MoreRelatedHealth Policy : Health Care Policy1241 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care Policy Health policy refers to the decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken with the purpose of achieving specific healthcare goals within a certain society (Lindsay, 2005). According to the world health organization, an explicit health policy is capable of achieving several things. It states a vision for the future, which helps to establish targets for medium and short term. A brief history of universal healthcare efforts in the US In the 1800, the German and British systemsRead MoreRole Of Policy On Health Care Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages Role of Policy in Health Care Student Name Institution Affiliation â€Æ' Role of Policy in Health Care Ek, R., Goolsby, L., Wengrovius, E. (2011).The national policy outlook for 2011. Policy Practice, 69(1), 16. The health care executives should actively coordinate in problem planning and preparation activities, striving to ensure that their exigency operations plan fits within the whole community plans and represents an accountable approach to the risks an organization might undergoRead MoreHealthcare And Health Care Policies1627 Words   |  7 PagesI have learned a plethora of critical and important information regarding healthcare and health care policies in the United States and in the world while I took UC 105 and 106 as part of the Health Sciences Scholars Program. One of the topics that stuck out to me the most during the lecture was the topic of constrained choice. For me, this topic really resonated with me since I understood some of the constrained choices and decisions that many Americans have to go through on a daily basis. I alsoRead MoreHealth Care Policy10795 Words   |  44 Pagesmillion people, will be without health care insurance because coverage will be too expensive (CQ Health beat News, 2005). The United States spends more money on health care than other industrialized nations but is the only one that doesn’t ensure health care coverage for all citizens. Every year, approximately 18,000 unnecessary deaths occur because of health insurance lacking in the United States, (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2002). Proponents of universal health care coverage say this problem isRead MoreImplementing A Health Care Policy1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe process of implementing a health care policy involves important steps of legislation formulation before execution and monitoring for progression and improvements. Committees and subcommittees on levels of the government, state, and local legislation are inclusive in ensuring the policy is enacted both efficiently and effectively. To accomplish these goals and objectives legislators must develop rules and regulations that align with goals and objectives, and take precautions to form the properRead Mo reThe Reality Of Health Care Policies778 Words   |  4 PagesIn reality health care policies are generated and developed in the private sectors by various agencies such as accrediting agencies, hospitals, and managed care organizations. The policy process is conceptualized as a process of power and implementation that can influence meaningful changes amongst the industry. Policies are generated from local, state, and court rulings that produce policies. The process is identified as specific decisions and or events that occur before implementation. The processRead MoreHealth Policy Issue Paper : Health Care1605 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Policy Issue Paper Health care is our nation’s greatest strength and most serious challenge. The organizing, financing, and delivery of health care in the United States is affected by a broad range of forces such as public, private, national, as well as local (Shi Singh, 2015). The main theme of the Obama campaign of 2008, was to change health care provisions that were preventing American’s from accessing adequate health care. In March 21010, the Patient Protection and Affordable CareRead MoreThe Health Care System And Its Policies862 Words   |  4 PagesI think the number one challenge facing the United States of America today is our health care system and its policies. Before talk about the issues we face today, we must talk about how it is formed and its components. The healthcare system in USA is a mix of private and public components. Almost all healthcare facilities are owned and controlled by private sector. Some hospitals are non-profit, others are owned by the government a nd others are run by private organizations. Between 60-70% are non-profitRead MoreU.s. Health Care Policy2203 Words   |  9 PagesIssue In 2014, the U.S. health care spending increased 5.3% to $3.0 trillion, or $9,523 per person, a faster increase than the 2.9% in 2013. The spending increased due to extensive coverage expansions under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2014b). In 2014, Medicare spending grew 5.5% to $618.7 billion and represented 20% of the national health expenditure, a faster increase than the 3% growth in 2013. The spending increased due to prescription drugs, physicianRead MoreCanadian Health Care Policy1463 Words   |  6 PagesCanada’s health care policy was designed to give all residents equal right and access to health care professionals. Although health care is available to all Canadian citizens, it publicly funded, not free. The provinces have separate health care plans but they all share common characteristics which were decided in the Canada Health Act. The Canada Health Act of 1984 was an amalgamation of two previous acts with an addition to g ive all Canadians access to health services; however, recently Canada’s

Review the Laws Related to Security and Privacy of Data

ss | | | | | | | | Review the laws related to security and privacy of data In this document I will be discussing the laws that are related to security and privacy of datas, I will explain how they relate to the security and privacy of data. Computer Misuse Act 1990 This act was introduced to prevent users hacking. This also stops them entering a computer, programs or files without authorisation, this act is in place to prevent users to use the internet without permission to cause an act of crime and also prevents unauthorised modifications to a computer. This act does not allow any attacks on a server as this is illegal. Hacking into a computer is not allowed as it can disrupt the business as personal information can be†¦show more content†¦Copyrights This exclusive legal right that is given to the original artist to print, perform film, publish or record literary and authorize others to do so for their material. This protects a physical expression of ideas , for example someone has an idea to write a book the content that is written in that book is covered by the copyright act as it will be unique to the creator. You do not need to register or claim copyright, this protection is automatic as soon as it is created. If someone steals information or wrongly sells other work or creation for their own financial benefit then this copy right act will protect the original creator and he can claim back the money that has been gained by the person who has taken the material without permission. This protects security and the use of private data as it does not allow anyone to take data or material without the author permission, if this does happen the user who has taken this material can be fined and prosecuted as the products does not belon g to them, the author can also decide how his material has been used and if someone breaks his restriction they can also be prosecuted. Open Source This is software or material that is available with the source, this allows users to copy the material and modify the material, the reason for this is because the creators would believe that if someone can edit the material for themselves it will be more useful to another persona and will also allow lessShow MoreRelatedThe Expansion Of The Internet As A Primary Source For Communication1603 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerns over data security and privacy. Specifically the technical and legal capabilities of government agencies to coerce private businesses to turn over the data. This data collection often occurs without appropriate warrants and requires data centers to retain data for longer periods than required for business needs and build in code to give government agencies a backdoor for access. The net effect is increased security risks and decreased privacy protections for personal data. When US citizensRead MoreOrganizational Data Privacy and Security Policy1271 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Data Privacy and Security Policy Alyaa Ghanim What are Organizational Data Privacy and Security Policy? It is the policy of the Organization to protect against the unauthorized access, use, corruption, disclosure, and distribution of non-public personal information. The Organization shall hold non-public personal information in strict confidence and shall not release or disclose such information to any person except as required or authorized by law and only to such authorizedRead MoreRisks And Risks Of Security Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pages SECURITY Concept of Security However, risk is the likelihood of something bad happening, security help to minimize risks. There is a need to recognize how risk can result from a threat. Some of the common threats are as follows: I. Unintentional threat—natural disasters like flood, fire or snow storms or equipment failure like power failure or network failure. II. Intentional threat---includes theft of laptops, software or data and fraud which translates to unauthorized access to data. In the worldRead MoreThe Problem Of Information Security And Security1502 Words   |  7 PagesInformation security and privacy is a fundamental component of a successful and efficient healthcare environment. The coming year will be a busy one for lawyers, compliance officers, privacy officers, and senior management as they must stay above the game when it comes to privacy and security. I will explore three trending issues and concerns relating to healthcare privacy and security. My hot topics include the use of big data and its implication, the evolving risks of cyber security, and healthRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1358 Words   |  6 Pages1. 4. Steps Taken by Educational Institutions to Comply with FERPA Few decades back, educational institutions maintained educational records mainly in paper files. In those days, privacy breaches meant access to information present paper files without proper consent, and the main concern was related to misuse of the student information by agencies rather than the theft of records. To comply with FERPA, educational institutions had to safeguard paper files from illegal access, and provide access toRead MoreBill C 51 : Rights And Freedom1626 Words   |  7 Pagesprotected rights, on the rule of law, and on the health of Canada’s democracy. In the end, this legislation is not only unsuccessful in countering terrorism, but is also counter-productive in that it is reckless, dangerous and ineffective towards supporting Canadians’ rights and freedom. The purpose of this act is to encourage and monitor the sharing of information between Government of Canada institutions in order to protect Canada against activities that threaten the security of Canada, but this billRead MoreEssay about Hipaa: Impact the Delivery of Human Services1272 Words   |  6 Pagesfor use of the same computer language industry-wide; Privacy protection, which requires healthcare providers to take reasonable measures to protect patients written, oral, and electronic information. Congress passed HIPAA in an effort to protect the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information.† Additionally, lawmakers sought to reduce the administrative costs and burden associated with healthcare by standardizing data and facilitating transmission of many administrativeRead MoreEmployee Handbook Privacy Section1397 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Employee Privacy Rights This section of the employee handbook is provided as a guideline for employees to understand the company policy and procedures regarding privacy in the workplace. While this section cannot address every possible scenario that may occur, the general policy will serve as a basis of understanding the key workplace issues and employee privacy. This section addresses privacy issues related to personal background information, off-work activities, and the corporateRead MoreThe Electronic Health Record And The Movement Toward The Digital Age1716 Words   |  7 Pages and standardizations to improve quality, safety and efficiency of the electronic health record, as well as reduce disparities of patient data of the positive HIV population. The course outcomes that my paper will address are the rules and regulations regarding privacy, confidentiality, and compliance with special attention to the HIPAA Privacy and Security rules on our local, state, federal and various regulatory agencies, an d the enforcement authority of these agencies for patients with positiveRead MoreHipaa Compliance Laws And The Iso 17799 Security Standard Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesTHE HIPAA COMPLIANCE LAWS AND THE ISO 17799 SECURITY STANDARD Unit VII – Research Paper Margarita Olguin ITC 4390 Columbia Southern University September 14, 2016 â€Æ' THE HIPAA COMPLIANCE LAWS AND THE ISO 17799 SECURITY STANDARD The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act came into existence in 1996. It is part of government legislation that was created to safeguard medical information and any health records related to an individual. Government gave providers a deadline

Racism And Severe Anxiety Of Black Americans Essay

â€Å"Niggerezation is neither simply the Dishonoring and devaluing of black people nor solely the economic exploitation and political disenfranchisement of them† is said by Cornel West in Niggerezation where he utterly explains how It takes steps into niggerization. It is a waiting process, not made simply over-night. Individuals have a full range of emotions and life experiences. Black America is strong although â€Å"Black America† is more of a symbol and an idea than it is a place or a fact. Black Americans are not a standing stone, or a hive mind. They are individuals who have a shared experience of racialization in a society formed around both maintaining and protecting white privilege and white supremacy. Black America feels and worries about the victims of police thuggery and violence not because of racial tribalism The sum effect of the continual violence against black Americans by the United States’ police, the efforts to blame the country’s first black president. The connection between racism and severe anxiety stresses the negative impact that discrimination has on society. Ultimately, racial battle is manifest by the diminished life spans by increasing suicide rates among black children and other indices of the toll that day-to-day life in a racist society takes on the emotional, physical and financial health of black and brown Americans. The obstacle of human experience and consciousness that separates one person from another is extended by the color line. Has anyoneShow MoreRelatedRacism And Racism1199 Words   |  5 Pagesaccounts of racism with the most severe being against Black minorities. â€Å"Racism has been described as beliefs, attitudes, and individual and systemic approaches that degrade people based on the color of their skin,† (Graham Roemer, 2016, p. 369). These thoughts and attitudes have dated as far back as the 17th century where Whites heavily discriminate against Blacks because of the color of their skin. In history it has been stated by White Americans that they are superior and Black are the inferiorRead MoreThe Civil Rights And Liberties Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesWhile it is true that Black Americans have gained civil rights and liberties, it is the current state of American society itself—as well as white fright—that dismisses these rights. The most infamous examp le of this is, of course, police shootings. Since the Trayvon Martin case, the United States seems to have exploded with more police shootings in which white police officers shoot unarmed black men. According to Mapping Police Violence, â€Å"Police killed at least 102 unarmed black people in 2015, nearlyRead MoreRacism And The Australian Human Rights Commission1626 Words   |  7 PagesRacism, wherever it occurs, has damaging effects. It can be defined as the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race (Oxford dictionary). It can occur on individual, internal,or institutional levels, and it can be either subtle or obvious (Jones,2000). Research confirms that racism is still prevalent in today’s society, in 2013 the Australian Human Rights Commission received a 59 per cent increaseRead MoreExposing Racism During The United States Of America3091 Words   |  13 PagesEx posing Racism in American The United States of America is a melting pot of diverse ethnicities, races, and cultures. Our country has no official language, religious faith, or skin color. It is simply a country that believes all men were created equal under Lady Liberty’s embrace. Furthermore, with the vast mix of people and differing beliefs, issues on race can easily arise. Racism in America has a long and complicated history. It started as an ideology, but now can be expressed in â€Å"institutionalRead MoreDiscrimination Speech820 Words   |  4 Pagesthink we can all agree that it is one of the sources of most societal ills. Prejudice, bullying, racism are all types of discrimination. Machismo, Homophobia stereotypes are also products of this abuse. Maybe there is a physiological explanation to all of this, maybe you were raised to discriminate against Jews or Asians, or maybe you had a bad experience with a black man and so you associate black people with that experience. Lets start of with Machismo. It has been around even before theRead MoreRacial Stereotypes On Race, By President Abraham Lincoln1908 Words   |  8 Pagesracial stereotypes attacking students of colors have severe implications on their performance in academic domains. Defined, racism is a false belief in White supremacy that handicaps society, a system that upholds Whites as superior to all other groups, and the structural subordination of multiple racial and ethnic groups (Yosso, Critical Race Counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano Educational Pipeline 5). However, as a principle racism is ordinary, not aberrational, the usual way societyRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Cape Verdean American Immigrants Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesEthnicity: Cape Verdean American Immigrants 1860-1965, I was able to develop a clear perspective of the Cape Verdean’s American voyage as well as their social and economic triumph. Prior to reading this book, I had no knowledge of the Cape Verdean people, unless they are very similar to the â€Å"Brazilians†. Marilyn intentions for her book was to address the social construction of Cape Verdean racial and ethnic identity and how the trials they experience while margining into American society. Cape VerdeansRead MoreJohn Hope Franklin : American Historical Association Of American History939 Words   |  4 Pages2009. He was an American historian of the United States and former president of Phi Beta Kappa, the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Southern Historical Association. Franklin is best known for his work From Sla very to Freedom, first published in 1947. The world has been characterized with inferiority and superiority complexes with ever individual seeking to be superior over the other. We were and still are living in the world of racism. John FranklinRead MoreMy Parent s First Male Child1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthe other parent. Research found that about half of youngsters in this group suffer a severe drop in their school work that lasted throughout the year following the marital rupture. Adolescent group: Survey found that Youngsters under this category showed acute depression, acting out, and regression that included emotional and social withdrawal from involvement with friends and investment in school. The anxiety about their future ran very high, impressive developmental spurt. Many were mature, compassionateRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorder with specific symptoms that could be reliably diagnosed and was added to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. PTSD is associated with changes in brain function and structure and these changes provide clues to the origins, treatment, and prevention of PTSD. Some cases may be delayed, with only subtle symptoms showing up initially and more severe symptoms emerging months after the traumatic event. The event only needs to be traumatic

Corporations Law Advice to Dr John Jeckle †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Corporations Law Advice to Dr John Jeckle. Answer: Facts In the given case study, Dr John Jeckle has been working with twenty five of his colleagues to form a genetically modified corn cobs which has the taste of chocolate. This project has already incurred a lot of money and still needs a lot more for the research and development purposes. In the initial testing, the rats internal organs melted. But, if the same becomes successful, a number of people would want to invest in this venture. Issue Whether Dr. John Jeckle should opt for a public company form or whether Dr. John Jeckle should opt for a Proprietary (Private) company form? Rule Before an individual can initiate any business, a crucial decision has to be taken regarding the business structure of their future organization. A number of factors have to be analyzed while taking the decision regarding the choice of business structure. It can be to save the taxes, or to raise money from the public. Based on these decisions, an individual chooses from sole proprietorship, partnership, trust or corporation (Gibson Fraser, 2014). One of the most preferred types of business structure is corporation, even when it is the most complex, as well as, expensive form of business structure. A corporation has a separate status from its founders, and enjoys a status of independent legal entity. Due to this status, a corporation can file tax on their behalf, sue and even be sued by a party. One of the major reasons for opting for this business structure is the protection from liabilities to the owner of the corporation, in case the corporation goes bankrupt. This is due to the separate status of a corporation from its owners (Latimer, 2012). Another plus point in opting for a corporation form of business structure is that the corporations are allowed to raise the money from public. A corporation is allowed to raise funds, sell sticks and even offer different categories of shares. The existence of a company in continues indefinitely, and unlike partnership, the same is not ended with the death or insanity of its owners (Find Law, 2017). In Australia, the corporations are formed, governed and wrapped up through the Corporations Act, 2001 (CA), which is an act of the Commonwealth (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). As per this act, a corporation is a legal entity, which is different from its shareholders and directors. And in the nation, the companies are regulated by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, i.e., ASIC. The companies have their own set of rules, which are contained in the constitution of a company (Australian Government, 2017). And in case a company does not have a constitution, the replaceable rules can instead be opted for (Register a Company, 2017). Section 112 of the CA provides that there are two kinds of companies, which can be formed in the nation, the first being the public company and the second being the proprietary company (Australian Government, 2017). There is a further classification for the public companies, which include No liability company: The companies in Australia can be registered under this category only when there is a presence of share capital in the company, the sole object of the constitution of the company has mining objective, and there is no contractual right of the company as per its constitution regarding the recovery of calls made on the shares from its shareholders, who have failed to pay them. Section 112(2) of the CA requires that the constitution has to clearly provide that the objective of the company is solely mining (ICNL, 2017). Companies limited by guarantee: In these types of companies, the members take guarantee for a certain sum or amount of money in case the company winds up. So, the liability of the shareholder only arises in the case of winding up of the company. And, unlike the companies which are limited by shares, these companies have no capital (James, 2008). Companies limited by Shares: Under these form of companies, the liability of the shareholders limited to the nominal. And even the number of shareholders is limited. The nominal capital denotes the capital with which the incorporation of companies took place. The liability is also for the amount which is unpaid on the shares held by such shareholder (Cassidy, 2006). Unlimited companies with share capital: A company where the members have no limits placed upon the individual liability which they have, and which has to be contributed towards the companys debt. This type of company is exempted from reduction of capital as per section 258A of the CA (WIPO, 2015). this forms as the only advantage of this type of company as the money cannot be taken out of the capital of the company. Even the proprietary companies have been divided into two subcategories, which include companies limited by share and the companies unlimited but with share capital (Australian Government, 2017). The public companies are usually opted as the choice of company due to the prohibition upon the proprietary companies from raising the funds from general public by issuing share capital (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2016). A proprietary company cannot have over fifty non-employee members and it also cannot do anything which requires the issuance of a prospectus. The minimum number of individual which are required in this form of company is one (Akers, 2017). A company which fails to qualify the requirements put forward for the proprietary companies is formed as a public company. A number of companies which have been registered in Australia are registered under the second form, i.e., as proprietary companies and in cases of small businesses, they are opted as being the first choice. A proprietary company is deemed as small only when it fulfills certain requirements (James, 2008). In Australia, a public company needs to have a minimum of three directors, and two of these three directors, have to ordinarily reside in the nation. The type of the structure of the company depends upon the financial situation of the company, the level of control, and the particular circumstances of the case. So, if a business wants to borrow the funds from public, list shares over the stock exchange, easily transfer the share and its ownership, or wants a large capital base, the public company is the suitable choice for such business. A proprietary company is needed for people opting for small business, where the potential investors can be shareholders of the company and where the control of the company is restricted to a maximum of twenty members. A small proprietary company also has the advantages of tax. For a proprietary company to be deemed as small, the following criteria have to be met: Number of employees at the end of financial year has to be lower than fifty; The gross operating revenue of the company has to be below $10 million for a financial year; and The assets of the company at the end of financial year have to be under $ 5 million (Finance, 2007). A proprietary limited company is distinct from its operators, owners and managers and has a separate legal existence. Hence, it can enter into contracts and own or sell the properties and assets. Even though the proprietary companies are restricted from offering the shares to the general public, the shares can be offered to the employees of the company or to the employees of its subsidiary company, and even to the existing shareholders of the company. And in case these requirements are not fulfilled, by an order of ASIC the company may have to be converted compulsorily to the public company (Cassidy, 2006). In order to take a decision regarding the opted form of company in the nation, the elements present in two forms of companies need to be compared. So, on one hand, the proprietary companies are required to have one director who has to compulsorily reside in the nation, in public companies, this requirement is of three directors, where two have to be residing in the nation. The proprietary companies need to appoint a secretary. And like the directors, the company secretary has to be at least of 18 years of age so as to hold this position. Conversely, for the public companies, the same person can be director of the company and the secretary of it as well. The company secretary is deemed as an officer under the CA and has the responsibilities as stated in the act. And the directors of the company are also required to fulfill the responsibilities which are contained in the CA (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). There are certain advantages in opting for proprietary companies, in comparison to the public companies. These include the limited liability of the shareholders to the amount of capital which they have subscribed or the amount of debts which have been personally guaranteed by them. The directors and shareholders of the company can be employed under normal wage conditions and salary, and they are only taxed for the income at personal rates. Also, the personal assets of the shareholders have no threat of being confiscated and hence, do not have to bear the financial debts of loss incurred by the company. The company continues even beyond the shareholders death. And the company is taxed at a flat rate of 30%. In comparison to the other type of companies, the transfer of ownership is considerably easier in this (Finance, 2007). However, there are certain disadvantages for option for this form of a company and these include the requirement of record keeping. This is in addition to the formation of such companies being a complex task, also requires a lot of paper, and incurs time and money. The ASIC and CA provide a number of provisions which have to be strictly adhered to and this often makes an individual opt for other form of business structure. The funds cannot be raised from the general public (Finance, 2007). Application In this case, Dr John Jeckle should opt for a proprietary form of company as his business structure. This is because he and twenty five of his colleagues want to form a company. And to form a proprietary company a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 50 people are needed. So, this falls within the range of requirement of a proprietary company. Secondly, by forming a proprietary company which is limited by shares, he would be able to raise the capital from the individuals who are already the member of the company. Even though a restriction may be placed over the issuance of shares to the public, but in case he really needs to raise funds from the public, the company can be converted into a public company as the transfer of ownership is considerably easy in the proprietary companies. Further, by forming a proprietary company which is limited by share capital, instead of opting for an unlimited company, Dr John Jeckle would be able to restrict his liabilities. Hence, the incident where the rats internal organs were melted, would not be his liability and instead the liability of the company. In addition to this, Dr John Jeckle works at the Imagine Medical College which is located in Australia, hence, the requirement of one member residing in the nation is also fulfilled. Furthermore, he is not required to get more members, as the minimum range is fulfilled. While forming the proprietary company, he can invite the potential shareholders to be the shareholder of the company. This would allow him to raise money for the research and development, without converting the company. Lastly, instead of opting for a public company, by sleeted the form of proprietary company, the control would remain in his hands, in comparison to a public company. Conclusion Hence, it is advised to Dr John Jeckle that he should opt for a proprietary company and that too which is limited by share capital. This is because on the basis of the analysis of his case, this form suits his requirements to the utmost. And in future, he would have the option of converting the proprietary company into a public company. References Akers, H. (2017). The Disadvantages of a Proprietary Company. Retrieved from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-proprietary-company-19243.html Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/organisation-type/organisation-definitions Australian Government. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2016). Organisation definitions. Retrieved from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/organisation-type/organisation-definitions Cassidy, J. (2006). Concise CorporationsLaw (5th ed.). NSW: The Federation Press. Federal Register of Legislation. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 Finance. (2007). Proprietary limited company. Retrieved from: https://finance.nine.com.au/2016/10/04/13/57/proprietary-limited-company Find Law. (2017). What Does it Mean that Corporations Have 'Perpetual Existence'? Retrieved from: https://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/incorporation-and-legal-structures/what-does-it-mean-that-corporations-have-perpetual-existence.html Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). BusinessLaw 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. ICNL. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf James. (2008). Six Different Types of Public and Proprietary Companies. Retrieved from: https://www.jamescox.com.au/six-different-types-of-public-and-proprietary-companies/ Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Register a Company. (2017). Company basics. Retrieved from: https://www.registeracompany.com.au/faq/company-basics.cfm WIPO. (2015). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817